Monday,+October+28,+2013+Daily+Assignment

Welcome Back! I hope you had a nice weekend and were practicing using gerunds and infinitives! We know that certain words MUST to followed with a gerund and some MUST be followed with an infinitive.

Ventures Arcade 3 Unit 5 Lesson B has practice using verbs + infinitives: Please spend ten minutes reviewing:

GET has a similar meaning to MAKE and HAVE. It is ALWAYS followed by object + infinitive, not the base of the word. EXAMPLE: The teacher got us to stay a little later. (NOT: The teacher got us stay a little later.) This sentence means that after some effort, the teacher succeeded in persuading us to stay.

HELP can be followed by object+base form of the verb (MOST COMMON) OR object + infinitive The meaning is the same. EXAMPLE: She helped me do the homework. OR She helped me to do the homework.

These two words are part of our new unit: "Make, Have, Let, Help, and Get" on page 138 in Focus on Grammar 4. Please read page 138-139 for an introduction to today's lesson. Note the bold words!

In this Unit, we will do all the exercises in the book in class.

**That’s the Entertainment?** “Ooooh!” cries the audience as the orcas leap from the water in perfect formation. “Aaaaah!” they shout as the trainer rides across the pool on the nose of one of the giants. For years, dolphins, orcas, and other sea mammals have been **making audience say** ooooh and aaaah at water parks like Sea World. But how do trainers **get nine-ton whales to do** acrobatic trick with a human or **make them “dance”**? It is not easy. Traditional animal trainers controlled animals with collars and leashes and **made them perform** by using cruel punishments. Then, in the 1940c, parks wanted to **have dolphins do tricks**. The first trainers faced big problems. You can’t **get a dolphin to wear** a collar. And you can’t punish a dolphin –it will just swim away from you! This challenge **made the trainers develop** a kinder, more human method to teach animals. This method, positive reinforcement, uses rewards rather than punishments for training. To begin teaching, a trainer lets **an animal act** freely. When the trainer sees the “correct” behavior, he or she immediately rewards the animal, usually with food. The animal quickly learns that a reward follows a behavior. For complicated acts, the trainer breaks the act into many smaller parts and **has the animal learn** each part separately. Positive reinforcement has revolutionized our treatment of animals in zoos. Elephants, for example, need a lot of physical care. However, traditional trainers used force to **make elephants “behave”**. Elephant sometimes rebelled and hurt or even killed their keepers. Through positive reinforcement, elephants at modern zoos have learned to stand at the bars of their cage and let keepers draw blood for tests and take care of their feet. Trainers even get primates (monkeys and apes) to bring their own bedding to the keepers for washing. Gary Priest, a former orca trainer, helped the keepers train the elephants at the San Diego Zoo. Do the elephants like the new system? “They love it! They’ll do anything we ask. They’d fly for us if they could,” Priest said. Unfortunately, not all trainers use positive reinforcement. Animal rights organizations have found abuses of animal actors by circuses and other entertainment companies. And the question remains: Even with kind treatment, should we keep animals captive and **have them perform** just for our entertainment? In the wild, orcas may travel 100 miles a day. Is it really kind to **make them live** in small pools of chemically treated water? Today, more and more people say the only real kindness is to **let these animals live** natural lives.